T.K.Velu Pillai
THE TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL
VOL -IV
First edition: 1940 , New edition1996

PREFACE / TABLE OF CONTENTS

The fourth volume of the Manual deals with the General Administration of Travancore.  The origin, growth, development and activities of all the major departments of the administration are dealt within a  detailed manner in this volume. The importance  and impact of the social legislations like the Nayar Act, the Ezhava Act, the Nanjanad Vellala Act, the Kshatriya Act and the Malayala Brahmin  Act were given a detailed exposition.  It also includes the abstracts of important Proclamations and Acts.  Copies of Agreements, Documents, and Deeds relating to the administration of the Travancore are also added to this volume.  The Arts  and Ceremonies prevalent in Travancore are also incorporated.  This volume also contains a detailed  Gazetteer of Travancore.

PREFACE

This volume  deals with the salient facts relating to the general administration and the administration of the various Departments of the State.  Details necessary for a correct understanding of a historical development of the Departments and Institutions have been incorporated.   In the  Preface to Vol.I I indicated in general terms the work which had to be done in regard to the preparation of historical and descriptive accounts of the various new Departments and Institutions brought into working order, the radical changes in the administrative system effected during the period of thirty years since the publication of the pervious State Manual and certain other subjects of that character.  Many Departments and Institutions have come into being in the latter part of the reign of His Highness the Maharaja Sri Mulam Thirunal and many more in the present reign.  The administrative and legislative agencies  have undergone great changes.  In most of them what remains of the old system is scarcely little more than the framework, while the superstructure is entirely new.  As the accounts in the old State Manual were found inadequate to meet the  modern  demand for information both in character and in quantity, it was found necessary to rewrite the chapters in the light of books and documents now available, even in the case of topics treated by the late Dewan Bahadur Nagam Aiya.  New Departments and Institutions are described in the light of modern standards.

 The growth of legislative activity in the State and the reforms introduced by H.H. Sri Mulam Thirunal and His Highness the present Maharaja Sri Chitra Thirunal in the constitution and powers of the legislature made it imperative  that the history of the progress of legislation should be traced in considerable detail.  Sufficient space is devoted to the explanation of the underlying principles of legislation which have been accepted  and acted upon from the time of Rani Lakshmi Bayi and Rani Parvathi Bayi and continued up to the year 1115.  The importance of the more prominent legislative measures, such as the Nayar Act, the Ilava Act, the Nanjanad Vellala Act, the Kshathriya Act and the Malayala Brahamana Act, is emphasized.  Economic  legislation in the form of Proclamations and Acts, to regulate the relations between landlord and tenant,  capital and labour, is briefly described, and the import of the Temple Entry Proclamation, the great Travancore Charter of liberty, succinctly explained.  The abstracts of the Proclamations and Acts are brought up to date.

A number of sections are devoted to the narration of facts connected with the relation between Travancore and the British Government.  Particular interests  of the state, guaranteed by agreements with the British Indian Government and important private corporations, have been detailed.  The tests of the more important agreements are given in order to facilitate reference.  Subjects like the Periyar lease, the Cochin Harbour agreement, the Kannan Devan Hills Concession, and the rights of His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore over the Kutalmanikkam temple are treated with fullness.  In the preparation of the accounts on the Periyar lease and the subsequent transactions relating thereto, I have been  allowed the use of the notes of arguments kindly lent to me by Sir.C.P. Ramaswamy  Aiyar, the counsel for Travancore before the Board of Arbitrators in 1937.

The Gazetteer is fairly exhaustive.  The very scheme of the Gazetteer is different from what it is in the old Manual.  In addition to a general treatment of the subject  the several Divisions are treated separately.  Numerous official documents have been laid under contribution in its preparation.  The information supplied by the officers of the Revenue and other Departments has been incorporated after careful verification.  In their letter No.431/36/Genl dated Ist December  1936, the Government gave a direction that the State Manual should also contain “a historical and descriptive account of the chief health resorts and towns and a narrative emphasizing the natural beauties of the State.”  This has been done in the opening chapter of Vol.I and the Gazetteer portion of Vol IV.  It is hoped that the Glossary will serve to explain the meaning of the Indian terms.

As a rule the accounts of the various Departments were forwarded to the respective Departmental Heads who I am glad to say, have invariable given their approval.  The section dealing with the important ceremonies has been perused by Mr. Ry., M.K. Nilakanta Aiyar Avl., Chief Secretary to Government.  The Chapters on Arts and Music had to be postponed to this Volume owing to certain unavoidable reasons.  My thanks  are due to Dr. J.H Cousins and Mr. R.V Poduval for contributing those sections.  The sections of Kutalmanikkam, the Cochin Harbour, the Periyar Lease and the Kannan Devan Concession were perused by officers of Government who had to deal with those subjects in their official capacity.

I wish to add one word of apology.  Some of the sections  could have found a more appropriate place in Volumes one and three.  But as the accounts had to be sent to Heads of Departments and others, and as the printing could not be indefinitely  delayed, the work had to be proceeded with.    In the nature of the subjects treated in this Volume, it is deemed unnecessary to add a bibliography.
Trivandrum
25th August 1940
  
T.K. VELU PILLAI

TABLE OF CONTENTS
   
CHAPTER XXVIII

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION

The Evolution of the system .. .. 1
Early system .. .. 2
Changes under Maharaja Marthanda Varma .. .. 3
Modification in the next reign .. .. 3
Munro’s reforms .. .. 5
Reforms after Munro .. .. 10
Causes of trouble .. .. 10
Administration under Madava Rao .. .. 13
Ayulyam Thirunal and Visakham Thirunal .. .. 14
Peaceful administration under the late Maharaja .. .. 16
General .. .. 17

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LAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT

Evolution .. .. 20
Under Marthanda Varma .. .. 21
Under Rama Varma .. .. 22
Reforms of Munro .. .. 22
Reforms after Munro .. .. 22
Changes in territorial units .. .. 24
Officers and their powers .. .. 27
Functions of the Department .. .. 29
Magisterial .. .. 30
Treasury work .. .. 31
Land revenue .. .. 32
Survey ..  .. 32
Disposal of land .. .. 33
Land acquisition .. .. 33
Collection of revenue .. .. 34
Land Improvement and Agricultural Loan Act .. .. 35
Land Mortgage Bank .. .. 36
Markets .. .. 37
Escheat .. .. 38
Treasure Trove Act .. .. 39
Stamp and Court Fee Act .. .. 39
Public Health and Medical .. .. 39
Registration of Births and Deaths Act .. .. 40
Internment of papers .. .. 40
Places of public worship .. .. 40
Income tax .. .. 41
Collection of statistics .. .. 41
Other functions .. .. 41
Statement of receipts and expenditure .. .. 42

 EXCISEDEPARTMENT
Organisation and control .. .. 43
Salt .. .. 44
Tobacco .. .. 46
Arrack and Toddy .. .. 48
Foreign liquor .. .. 50
Opium and ganja .. .. 50
Customs .. .. 51
Cooperative figures relating to transactions of the Dept .. .. 56

FOREST DEPARTMENT

Early history .. .. 57
Reforms of Madhava Rao .. .. 58
Reforms after Madhava Rao .. .. 59
Statement showing the receipts and revenue .. .. 67
Statement showing the area of reserved forests .. .. 67
 

STAMP DEPARTMENT

The New Stamp Act .. .. 68
Stamp duty in early days .. .. 68
The manufacture and sale .. .. 69
Description of stamps .. .. 69
Court fee stamps .. .. 70
Anchal stamps and cards .. .. 70
Temple Entry Commemoration stamps .. .. 71
Control .. .. 72
Statement showing volume of stamps manufactured .. .. 78
Statement showing receipts and expenditure .. .. 74

CHAPTER XXIX

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

Ancient days .. .. 75
Reforms of Ummini Thampi and Col. Munro .. .. 75
Further reforms .. .. 83
Act I of 1047 .. .. 85
Dewan relieved of judicial functions .. .. 85
Reform in 1054 .. .. 86
Defects remedied .. .. 89
Execution in Travancore of the decrees of civil courts in
British India authorized .. .. 91
Constitution and powers of High Court defined .. .. 92
Small cause jurisdiction of munsiffs raised .. .. 92
New High Court Act .. .. 92
New  reforms .. .. 93
Readjustment of territorial jurisdiction of courts .. .. 94
Laws delays Commissioner .. .. 95
Criminal justice .. .. 95
In early days .. .. 96
Reforms .. .. 96
Special registration .. .. 98
Redistribution of magisterial powers .. .. 98
British Indian Codes adapted .. .. 100
Separation of judicial from executive .. .. 101
Number of courts in 1111 .. .. 101
General .. .. 102
Receipts and expenditure .. .. 104
CHAPTER XXX

THE POLICE DEPARTMENT

Beginnings .. .. 105
Munros reforms .. .. 105
Police and Magistracy separated .. .. 108
Rameingar’s scheme .. .. 109
Reorganisation .. .. 109
Further reform .. .. 110
Departmental details .. .. 111
General .. .. 111
Finger Print Bureau .. .. 114
Criminal Intelligence Bureau .. .. 114
Reserve force .. .. 115
The Police training School .. .. 115
Village vigilence committees .. .. 117
Traffic section .. .. 117
Special police .. .. 117
Statement regarding crimes .. .. 120

THE STATE FORCES

In early times .. .. 121
Under Marthanda Varma .. .. 121
Assistance rendered to East India Company .. .. 122
Carnatic Brigade .. .. 122
Reorganisation .. .. 123
Momentous changes .. .. 128
Hospital .. .. 129
Different units .. .. 129
Organisation .. .. 130
Officers .. .. 130
Gentlemen cadets .. .. 130
Pay and pension .. .. 130
Accommodation .. .. 130
General .. .. 130

 THE JAILS

Early account .. .. 132
The Central Jail .. .. 132
Diet .. .. 133
Medical aid .. .. 133
Remissiosn of punishments .. .. 133
Labour .. .. 134
Certain reforms .. .. 134
Prison Regulation .. .. 135
Instruction .. .. 136
Conclusion .. .. 136

THE REGISTRATION DEPARTMENT

Old system .. .. 138
A reform .. .. 138
A new measure .. .. 140
Receipts and expenditure .. .. 141

CHAPTER XXXI

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Early beginnings .. .. 142
A new impetus .. .. 143
Classification .. .. 144
Research .. .. 144
Experiments .. .. 145
Propaganda .. .. 145
Cattle improvement .. .. 146
Subsidiary industries .. .. 147

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIES

Origin .. .. 148
Training in industrial subjects .. .. 148
Technical education .. .. 149
Incentive  to textile industry .. .. 150
Research .. .. 151
Propaganda .. .. 151
Industrial loans .. .. 151
Industrial regeneration .. .. 152

CHAPTER XXXII

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

Organisation and control .. .. 153
Large outlay .. .. 154
Budget system .. .. 154
Few reforms .. .. 154
Communication .. .. 156
Improvement of water communication .. .. 160
Building and other works .. .. 162
Irrigation .. .. 163
Maramath .. .. 163
Town planning .. .. 164
Aerodroma .. .. 165
Railway .. .. 165
Electric supply and Telephone .. .. 166
Water works and Drainage .. .. 168

WATER WORKS AND DRAINAGE DEPARTMENT

Willingdon  Water works .. .. 169
Nagarcoil Water Supply Scheme .. .. 172
Water supply to the Village Panchayat of Bhuthappandi .. .. 174
Alleppey Water Supply Scheme .. .. 175
Water Supply to the Kuttanad  area .. .. 177
Shenkotta Water Supply Scheme .. .. 178
The Service Reservoir .. .. 179
Distribution .. .. 179
Coast of the scheme .. .. 179
Water Supply to rural areas in the State .. .. 180
The Trivandrum Drainage Scheme .. .. 180
Drainage scheme for the town of Alleppey .. .. 181
Appendix .. .. 182

CHAPTER XXXIII

MARINE DEPAREMENT

Early account .. .. 187
Some ancient ports .. .. 187
Laws for management and control .. .. 188
Interportal Convention and the Travancore ports .. .. 189
Regulation and water traffic .. .. 190
Alleppey .. .. 192
Quilon .. .. 195
Trivandrum .. .. 196
Colachal .. .. 196
Cape Comerin .. .. 197
Kolithottam and Kovalam .. .. 197
Statistics of shipping .. .. 198
Munampam .. .. 198
Katiyapattanam .. .. 198
Manakkudi .. .. 198
Thankasseri .. .. 199
Appendix .. .. 200
Colachel .. .. 200
Trivandrum .. .. 200
Alleppey .. .. 201
Cochin Harbour .. .. 203

CHAPTER XXXIV

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT

Allopathy .. .. 208
Early system .. .. 208
Progress during the reign of Ayilyam Thirunal .. .. 209
Reform by Sri Mulam Thirunal .. .. 210
Midwifery class .. .. 212
Nursing .. .. 213
Radiological Institute and Tuberculosis Hospital .. .. 213
Leper colony at Nuranad .. .. 214
The Hospital for Mental Disease .. .. 217
Madras Medical College .. .. 222
Tincture factory .. .. 222
Honorary House Surgeons and House Physicians .. .. 222
First Aid classes .. .. 223
Strength of medical institutions .. .. 223
Statement of medical relief .. .. 224

AYURVEDA

General .. .. 227
Beginnings .. .. 229
Educational  institutions .. .. 231
Ayurveda publications .. .. 231
The Ayurveda Hospital .. .. 232
The Ayurveda Pharmacy .. .. 233
The Botanical Garden .. .. 233
Statement of medical relief .. .. 234

HOMOEOPATHY

The system recognised .. .. 235

CHAPTER XXXV

LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

Early history .. .. 237
Town  Improvement Committee .. .. 238
Taxation .. .. 240
Scavenging system introduced .. .. 240
Further reforms .. .. 240
Municipalities .. .. 241
Present state of Municipalities .. .. 243
Village Panchayats .. .. 244

CHAPTER XXXVI

DEVASWAM DEPARTMENT

Assumption of management of temples by Government .. .. 245
Three clases of temples .. .. 245
Pathivus of Devaswams .. .. 246
Devaswams managed by Land Revenue officers .. .. 246
Devaswam separation .. .. 247
Sri Padmanabhaswami temple .. .. 247
Personal Deposit Devaswams .. .. 247
Classification of Devaswams .. .. 248
Grant in aid temples .. .. 248
Some reforms .. .. 249
Renovation of reconstruction of temples .. .. 249
Religious education .. .. 250
Instructional institutions .. .. 250
Temple Entry Proclamation .. .. 251
Administration and staff .. .. 251
Verification of valuables in Devaswams .. .. 252
Management by private agency .. .. 252

CHAPTER XXXVII

MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENTS Anchal Department .. .. 254-260
Early system .. .. 254
Widening the scope of the Department .. .. 255
Functions .. .. 255
Execution of business .. .. 256
Imposition of fee on private letters .. .. 257
Officers .. .. 257
Introduction of cards and envelopes .. .. 259
Money order .. .. 260
The Department at present .. .. 260
The Mint .. .. 267
Coins in early days .. .. 261
New coins .. .. 262
Coins at present .. .. 263
Administration and the staff .. .. 264
Some coins mentioned in old State records .. .. 264
The Governmment Press .. .. 267-268
The Publication of Oriental Manuscripts .. .. 268-270
The Trivandrum Public Library .. .. 270-271
The Archaeological Department .. .. 271-272
The Museum and Public Gardens .. .. 273-275
The Observatory .. .. 275-279
Establishment .. .. 275
First almanac issued .. .. 275
Improvement .. .. 276Reforms during the time of A.C Mitchell .. .. 276
Division into two sections .. .. 276
Recognised as first class observatory .. .. 277
Pilot baloon station .. .. 277
Establishment of weather station .. .. 278
Magnetic survey .. .. 278
Control .. .. 278
State Life Insurance .. .. 279-281
Official Branch .. .. 279
General .. .. 279
Control .. .. 280
Public Branch .. .. 281
Special attractions of the scheme .. .. 281
Whole life assurance .. .. 282
Whole life assurance with limited payments .. .. 282
Endowment assurance .. .. 282
Children’s endowment .. .. 283
Payment of claims .. .. 283
Lapses .. .. 284
Agents .. .. 284
Control .. .. 284
Anchal Savings Bank .. .. 284-285
State Provident Fund .. .. 285-288
Scope of the scheme .. .. 285
The Sri Chithra Home for the Destitute and the Infirm .. .. 288
Public Service Recruitment Department .. .. 289-295
Introductory .. .. 289
New system .. .. 290
Higher division .. .. 291
Intermediate division .. .. 292
Lower division .. .. 294
Sri Chithralayam .. .. 295-296
The Sri Chithra Hindu Religious Library .. .. 296
The Sri Mulam Shashtyabdapurthi Memorial Institute .. .. 297-298
Compassionate Gratuity to the families of Government servants .. 298-299
Electrical Department .. .. 299-302
Trivandrum, Quilon and Kalamasseri electric supply .. .. 299
Nagarcoil, Kottayam and Munnar electric supply .. .. 300
The Pallivasal scheme .. .. 300
Telephone system .. .. 302
Broadcasting .. .. 302
Co-operative Societies .. .. 303-304
Transpsort Department .. .. 304

CHAPTER XXXVIII

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

Administrative control .. .. 304
Special Schools .. .. 307
Powers  of the officers .. .. 308
Libraries .. .. 310

PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT

Constitution .. .. 310
Work .. .. 311
Reforms .. .. 312

CHAPTER XXXIX

LEGISLATION

General .. .. 313
18th century legislation .. .. 314
Legislation 1010 .. .. 315
Sri Mulam Thirunal .. .. 316
The Legislative Council 1063 .. .. 317
Scope modified in 1073 .. .. 319
From  1073-1097 .. .. 320
Sri Chithra Thirunal Maharaja .. .. 323
Electoral units .. .. 324
Urban constituencies .. .. 324
Special constituencies .. .. 325
Representation to minorities .. .. 325
Communal electorates .. .. 325
Reservation of seats .. .. 326
Representation of Ilavas .. .. 326
Muslims .. .. 328
Other minorities .. .. 328
Representation of women .. .. 328
Message of His Highness .. .. 329
The work of the legislature .. .. 330
Record of work .. .. 331
Social .. .. 332
Economic .. .. 334
Land .. .. 337
Judicial .. .. 338
Labour .. .. 340
Religions .. .. 349
Medical and Public Health .. .. 344
Local self government .. .. 344
Village Unions Act .. .. 346
Protection .. .. 348
Press and periodicals .. .. 349
Criminal Law Amendment Act .. .. 350
Abstracts of Proclamations .. .. 351-369
Abstracts of Acts .. .. 369-401
 

CHAPTER XL

MISCELLANEOUS

The Periyar Lease .. .. 402-427
The project .. .. 402
Investigations by British Government .. .. 403
Negotiations .. .. 403
Independent investigations by Travancore .. .. 405
Drawbacks of the scheme pointed out .. .. 406
Opinion of Ramiengar .. .. 408


The Agreement .. . 410
Action taken by the officers of  Madras Government .. .. 417
Camp declared British territory .. .. 420
Further questions .. .. 425
Arbitration .. .. 426
Adoption sannud granted to the Raja of Travancore, 1862 .. .. 428
Arrangement made with the British Government and the States of Travancore and Cochin for the removal  of fiscal restrictions on trade  between  British  India and those States, 1865 428
 Sannud to the Maharaja of Travancore, 1986 431

 Agreement entered into by the Maharaja of Travancore re: the cession of jurisdiction on the Travancore portion of the Shornur Cochin Railway, 1899 432

 Agreement  entered into by the Maharaja of Travancore re: the session of jurisdiction on the Travancore portion of the Tinnevelly Quilon Railway, 1899. 432

Letter from the Government of India, Finance and Commerce Department to the  Secretary to the Government of Madras, Revenue Department, dated 6th May 1901, No.2400 S.R 433

Lease by the Travancore Durbar to the British Government of the Trivandrum Residency, 1910 433

 Indenture concluded  between the Travancore State and the Secretary  of State for India in Council  for the lease of land in Korandakad in the High Range for a Residency, 1913. 437

 Terms agreed to between the Travancore Darbar and the Secretary of the State for India re: the construction and working of the Quilon-Trivandrum extension of the Tinnevelly-Quqilon Railway, 1914. 440

Deed executed by His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore  ceding full and exclusive power and jurisdiction to the British Government on the lands occupied  by the Quilon Trivandrum extension of the Tinnevelly-Quilon Railway, 1914 442
Agreement between  His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore   and the Secretary of State for India in regard to the revenue  administration of Liquor, Opium, Salt, Customs and Ferries in the British enclaves of Anjengo and Thankasseri, 1918. 443
Supplement to the indenture made between the Travancore  State and the Secretary of the State for India in respect  of the lease of the Residency Bungalow and the premises, the Assistant Resident’s Bungalow and premises, etc., at Trivandrum, 1919 446
Deed executed by the Travancore  Durbar ceding to the British  Government  full power and jurisdiction over the lands in the State occupied by the Trivandrum town extension of the Quilon Trivandrum Railway, 1927. 447

British possession in Travancore 448-450
Anjengo 448
Gardens of Palathadi and Kottadilli 449
Thankasseri 449
Cochin Harbour Agreement 450-461
First three stages 456
Dispute re:distribution of customs revenue 456
Fourth stage 457
Agreement of 1925 modified 458
Munro Island 461-475
Text of the agreement 462
The Kannan Devan Hills Concession 475-487
Beginnings 475
Travancore Land and Agricultural Society Ltd 477
Controversy with the Company 480
Disputes 485
Pathanapuram Concession 487-490
The Kakkur Estate and other Extra Territorial lands 490-492
The Kutalmanikkam Temple 493-512
Right of H.H. the Maharaja of Travancore 493
Thachutaya Kaimal, his appointment etc 493
The right of Travancore 495
An exhibition of violence 496
Dispute as to the rights and status of the Kaimal 497
Decision of the cochin Chief Court 498
Proclamation by Cochin Maharaja 505
Present Thachutaya Kaimal 510

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CHAPTER XLI

THE ARTS OF TRAVANCORE

Arts in general .. .. 513
Architecture .. .. 514
Temple architecture . .. 516
Churches and mosques .. .. 522
Palaces  .. .. 522
Museum .. .. 524
Public offices .. .. 524
Nayar and Namputhiri houses .. .. 526
Sculpture .. .. 527
Classical sculpture .. .. 528
Influence of India on outside worked .. .. 528
Collection of art objects made by
Their  Highnesses .. .. 531
Two centres of Travancore sculpture .. .. 532
Wood carving .. .. 536
Ivory carving .. .. 538
Imago casting .. .. 539
Ancient craft rules .. .. 540
Painting .. .. 540
Minor art-crafts .. .. 547
Kerala drance drama .. .. 548
Olappavakkuthu .. .. 552

MUSIC IN TRAVANCORE

Early fame .. .. 553
Varieties of Travancore music .. .. 553
Early music .. .. 555
Remarkable transformation in 14th and 15th  centuries .. .. 556
Karthika Thirunal Maharaja .. .. 557
Prince Aswathi Thirunal .. .. 558
Unnayi Variar .. .. 558
Swathi Thirunal Maharaja .. .. 559
His successors .. .. 561
Musical instruments .. .. 563

CHAPTER XL II
SOME IMPORTANT  CEREMONIES

Birth day celebration .. .. 566
Thulabharam .. .. 567
Padmagarbham .. .. 570
Thirumatampu .. .. 571
Ariyittuvalcha .. .. 572
Navarathri .. .. 572
Sasthamangalam procession .. .. 575
Bhadradipam .. .. 577
Thirumuppu patiyettam .. .. 577

TITLES AND HONOURS
History .. .. 579
Title holders .. .. 581
Gold Medalists .. .. 582
Future titles .. .. 583
Decoration .. .. 584
Order of precedence .. .. 584


CHAPTER XLIII

GAZETTEER

SOUTHERN DIVISION

Area and boundaries .. .. 585
Physical features .. .. 585
Rocks, mines and minerals .. .. 586
Flora  .. .. 586
Flora of the Cape .. .. 589
Crops  .. .. 589
Garden produce .. .. 590
Fauna  .. .. 590
Domestic anaimals .. .. 591
Birds  .. .. 591
Fish  .. .. 591
Climate .. .. 591
Rainfall .. .. 591
People  .. .. 592
Rainfall .. .. 593
Castes and occupations .. .. 596
Towns and villages .. .. 597
Festival and fairs .. .. 598
Vital statistics and diseases .. .. 598
Christian Missions .. .. 603
Places of historical importance .. .. 604
Economic .. .. 604
Agricultural conditions .. .. 604
Cottage industries .. .. 606
Factories .. .. 607
Communications .. .. 607
Railway and telephone .. .. 608
Trade and commerce .. .. 609
Administrative .. .. 610

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General .. .. 610
Judicial .. .. 610
Land revenue .. .. 610
Municipal and other boards .. .. 611
Police and jails .. .. 612
Education .. .. 613
Libraries .. .. 613
Medical .. .. 614
Clubs and Associations .. .. 614
Important places .. .. 616-657
Agasthiswaram .. .. 616
Agasthyakutam .. .. 618
Alakiyapantipuram .. .. 619
Anjengo .. .. 619
Aryanad .. .. 620
Aruvikkara .. .. 621
Athrimala .. .. 621
Attingal .. .. 622
Balaramapuram .. .. 622
Bhutappanti .. .. 623
Cape Comerin .. .. 623
Chakka .. .. 624
Chirayinkil taluk .. .. 625
Chirayinkil .. .. 626
Chulattupetta .. .. 626
Colachel .. .. 626
Edava  .. .. 627
Iraniel  .. .. 627
Iraniel town .. .. 627

 Kadakkavur .. .. 628
Kadiyapattanam .. .. 628
Kalakkuttam .. .. 629
Kaliyal  .. .. 629
Kaliyikkavila .. .. 629
Kalkulam taluk .. .. 630
Kallar  .. .. 631
Kilimanur .. .. 631
Kolla  .. .. 632
Kottukal .. .. 633
Kottar  .. .. 633
Kovalam .. .. 634
Kumarakovil .. .. 634
Manakkudi .. .. 634
Mahendragiri .. .. 634
Manavalakkurichi .. .. 635
Mandakkad .. .. 635
Marthandam .. .. 635
Marukur .. .. 635
Mulakummudu .. .. 635
Muthukkulivayal .. .. 636
Muttam .. .. 636
Mailadi .. .. 637
Nagercoil .. .. 637
Nanjanad .. .. 637
Nedumangad taluk .. .. 638

 Neyyattinkara taluk .. .. 641
Neyyattinkara town .. .. 643
Neyyar  .. .. 643
Padmanabhapuram .. .. 643
Pangodu .. .. 644
Parakka .. .. 644
Parassala .. .. 644
Ponmudi .. .. 645
Pulayanarkotta .. .. 645
Puthukkada .. .. 645
Puvar  .. .. 645
Sarkara .. .. 646
Suchindram .. .. 646
Thadikkarankonam .. .. 646
Thamarakkulam .. .. 647
Thirumala .. .. 647
Thrippappur .. .. 647
Thiruvallam .. .. 648
Thiruvattar .. .. 648
Thiruvithamkodu .. .. 648
Thovala taluk .. .. 649
Thukkala .. .. 650
Trivandrum taluk .. .. 650
Trivandrum town .. .. 652
Udayagiriq .. .. 654
Ullur  .. .. 654
Vadasseri .. .. 654
Varkala .. .. 655
Vilavankodu taluk .. .. 655
Vilinjam .. .. 655


 QUILON DIVISION

Situation and area .. .. 657
Boundaries .. .. 657
Physical features .. .. 658
Mines and minerals .. .. 658
Flora  .. .. 658
Rainfall .. .. 660
People  .. .. 663
Places of historical importance .. .. 664
Towns villages and houses .. .. 664
Festivals and fairs .. .. 664
Christian Missions .. .. 665
Economic .. .. 665
Agriculture .. .. 665
Industries and manufactures .. .. 667
Trade and commerce .. .. 667
Communications .. .. 668
Administration .. .. 669
Newspapers and journals .. .. 672
Municipalities Clubs and Associations .. .. 672
Vital statistics .. .. 674
Places of importance .. .. 681-721
Achankovil .. .. 681
Adur  .. .. 681
Alleppey .. .. 681
Ampalappula taluk .. .. 681
Anandavalliswaram .. .. 685
Aranmula .. .. 686
Arattupula .. .. 686
Aryankavu .. .. 686
Ashtamudi .. .. 687
Asramam .. .. 687

Champakkulam .. .. 688
Chavara .. .. 688
Chengannur .. .. 688
Chettikulangara .. .. 688
Edathuva .. .. 689
Harippad .. .. 689
Kantiyur .. .. 690
Kolencheri .. .. 690
Konni  .. .. 690
Krishnapuram .. .. 691
Karunagappalli taluk .. .. 691
Karthikappalli taluk .. .. 692
Karumati .. .. 694
Kaviyur .. .. 694
Kayamkulam .. .. 694
Kolithottam .. .. 695
Kottarakkara taluk .. .. 695
Kottarakkara town .. .. 697
Kuntara .. .. 697
Kulathuppula .. .. 697
Kunnathur .. .. 697
Kuttanad .. .. 697
Mannadi .. .. 700
Mannarasala .. .. 700
Mavelikkara taluk .. .. 700
Mavelikkara town .. .. 702
Manjanikkara .. .. 702
Munampam .. .. 703

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Nilakkal .. .. 703
Nintakara .. .. 703
Niranam .. .. 703
Nuranad .. .. 703
Ochira  .. .. 704
Panthalam .. .. 704
Paravur .. .. 704
Patanayarkulangara .. .. 704
Pathanamthitta taluk .. .. 705
Pathanapuram taluk .. .. 707
Perumthenaruvi .. .. 708
Purakkad .. .. 708
Punalur .. .. 709
Quilon taluk .. .. 710
Quilon town and port .. .. 711
Sabarimala .. .. 713
Sasthamkotta .. .. 714
Shencotta taluk .. .. 714
Shencotta town .. .. 716
Shertala taluk .. .. 716
Thakali .. .. 718
Thankasseri .. .. 718
Thenmala .. .. 718
Thiruvalla taluk .. .. 718
Thiruvalla town .. .. 720
Thiruvila .. .. 721
Thrikkunnapula .. .. 721

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Situation and boundaries .. .. 721
Physical features .. .. 722
Flora  .. .. 723
Fauna  .. .. 734
Climate and rainfall .. .. 734
People  .. .. 739
Festivals and fairs .. .. 742
Occupation .. .. 742
Places of historical importance .. .. 743
Economic .. .. 743
Agriculture .. .. 743
Industries .. .. 746
Trade  .. .. 747
Communications .. .. 747
Administrative .. .. 749
Judicial .. .. 750
Munnicipal councils .. .. 751
Clubs and Associations .. .. 752
Education .. .. 753
Newspapers and journals .. .. 753
Public health .. .. 753
Vital statistics .. .. 754
Places of importance .. .. 758-786
Alwaye .. .. 758
Anamuti .. .. 758
Anchanad .. .. 758
Arukkutti .. .. 759
Cardamom Hills .. .. 759
Chaaaaaanganasseri taluk .. .. 759

Changanasseri town .. .. 761
Chithrapuram .. .. 761
Devikulam taluk .. .. 762
Devikulam new .. .. 763
Devikulam old .. .. 763
Ettumanur .. .. 764
Kaduthuruthi .. .. 764
Kaladi  .. .. 765
Kallil  .. .. 765
Koravalangad .. .. 766
Kottayam taluk .. .. 766
Kottayam town .. .. 768
Kumaranallaur .. .. 768
Kumili  .. .. 769
Kunmnathunad taluk .. .. 769
Lockhart gap .. .. 770
Malayattur .. .. 771
Minachil taluk .. .. 771
Munjanikkara .. .. 772
Munnar .. .. 773
Muntakkayam .. .. 773
Muvattupuzha taluk .. .. 774
Neriyamangalam .. .. 775
Pallivasal .. .. 775
Pathiramanal .. .. 775
Parur taluk .. .. 776
Peermede taluk .. .. 777
Peermede town .. .. 779
Periyar lake .. .. 779

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Punjar  .. .. 780
Puthuppalli .. .. 780
Thekkadi .. .. 780
Thodupuzha taluk .. .. 780
Thrikkakara .. .. 782
Udayamperur .. .. 782
Udayanapuram .. .. 782
Udumpanchola .. .. 783
Vaikom taluk .. .. 783
Vaikom town .. .. 784
Valappalli .. .. 785
Vantiperiyar .. .. 785
Vempanad lake .. .. 786

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Glossary of Indian terms .. .. 787-818

Index  .. .. 819-862

ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL IV
Page
1. Trivandrum Central Railway Station .. ..Frontispiece
2. Travancore Fishes .. .. 147
3. Aruvikkara .. .. 171
4. Women and Children’s Hospital Trivandrum .. .. 221
5. The Vaikom Temple .. .. 251
6.  The Napier Museum .. .. 273
7.  The Observatory, Trivandrum .. .. 277
8.  The Council Chamber .. .. 323
9. The Pujayeduppu procession .. .. 575
10. Kanakakkunnu Palace .. .. 653
11. Ceramic Factory, Kundara .. .. 697
12.  St. Mary’s Church Kothamangalam .. .. 775